What effect does cupping therapy have on the skin immediately after application?

Cupping therapy creates localized suction on the skin through various methods, typically using cups to draw the skin into the cup. This suction increases blood flow to the area, which is why individuals may notice circular bruises following the procedure. These bruises are a result of the manipulation of blood vessels, where capillaries break under the pressure of the suction. The appearance of these circular marks is a common and expected result of cupping therapy, indicating that the treatment is working as intended to stimulate circulation and promote healing in the tissue.

The other options do not accurately reflect the physiological response to cupping therapy. For instance, while the skin may sometimes appear pale and cool initially due to the pressure and drawing action of the cups, it typically does not retain that appearance long-term. Similarly, the risk of minor burns exists if improper techniques or excessive heat are applied, but this is not an immediate or standard response to cupping as it is traditionally performed. Lastly, in a typical cupping therapy session, the skin does not remain unchanged, as the suction will invariably lead to some response such as the development of bruises. Hence, the presence of circular bruises is the most characteristic and immediate effect expected after the application of cupping therapy.